dvaluri warmomavlobis zogierTi gvaris Sesaxeb (kasraZeebi, xaCiZeebi)

vaxtang iToniSvili

dvalebi centraluri kavkasionis orive makroferdobze ganaxlebul uZveles qarTvelur toms warmoadgendnen, romelnic Tavisi istoriuli bediT ori aTaswleulis manZilze niadag mWidrod iyvnen dakavSirebulni saqarTvelosTan da moxeveebis, xadel-cxavatlebis, gudamayrelebis, WarTlelebis da sxvaTa darad aRmosavleT saqarTvelos ~mTiul-kavkasianTa~ tradiciul siaSi iricxebodnen.X

monRolTagan darbeul osTa centraluri kavkasionis xeobebSi Semoxizvnisa da piriqiTel dvalebze gabatonebis (XV-XVI ss.) merme aRniSnuli tomis erTi SedarebiT mcirericxovani nawili iranizaciis procesSi aRmoCnda CaTreuli da asimilator osTa mier Tualebad (os. òóàëëàã) iqna saxeldebuli, xolo meore ufro mravalricxovani nawili dvaleTidan saqarTvelos sxvadasxva mxareebSi migraciis Semdeg umtkivneulod Seerwya adgilobriv eTnoteritoriul jgufebs (qarTlelebs, moxeveebs, raWvelebs, imerlebs da sxv). ase da amrigad, dvalTa tomi sabolood amoiSala saqarTvelosa da sruliad kavkasiis STambeWdavi istoriul-geografiuli konteqstidan, Tumca es garemoeba sulac ar ukargavs azrs saqarTvelosa da oseTis Tanamedrove mosaxleobaSi swored dvaluri eTnogentiluri elementis mokvlevis mcdelobas.

marTlac, awindel qarTvelTa da osTa Soris arc Tu mcire raodenobiT xerxdeba iseTi did-patara naTesauri koleqtivebis gamovlena, romelnic Tavis fesvebiT danamdvilebiT dvaleTis qveyanasTan an nadvalar regionebTan arian dakavSirebulni da Cvens yuradRebas Tavisi udavo an savaraudo dvaluri warmomavlobiT iqceven. istoriul-eTnografiuli Tu onomastikuri monacemebis Suqze aseT RirsSesaniSnav gvarebad warmoCndebian: dvalebi, dvaliZeebi, dvaliebi, dvaliaZeebi, dvaliaSvilebi, dvalaZeebi, dvalaSvilebi, dvalaniZeebi, dvalianiZeebi, dvaliSvilebi, dvalisaSvilebi, kasraZeebi, xaCiZeebi, zagaSvilebi, zaqaiZeebi, naraiZeebi, dauSvilebi, xuriSvilebi, buTxuzebi, Tedelurebi, jojiSvilebi, CoCiSvilebi, oqropiriZeebi, TegaZeebi, CanTaZeebi, koSkaZeebi, gogiCaSvilebi, TedeSvilebi, bagaurebi, jeliZeebi, elyanaSvilebi, biganaSvilebi, beRelurebi, badaSvilebi, xadurebi, cxovrebaSvilebi, xubulurebi, xarebaSvilebi da sxv. (qarTvelTa Soris); Tualdagovebi, zaxagovebi, xurievebi, gogiCevebi, gagloevebi, sanakoevebi, vaneevebi, gabaraevebi, jioevebi, biganovebi, agaevebi, kokaevebi, Tedeevebi, bagaevebi, jelievebi, farasTaevebi, elyanovebi, bigulaevebi, biTarovebi, sazardTovebi, galoevebi , bukulovebi, slanovebi, cxovrebovebi, Tibilovebi, xarebovebi da sxv. (osTa Soris).

obieqturoba moiTxovs iTqvas, rom Tanamedrove qarTvelTa da osTa SemadgenlobaSi dvaluri warmomavlobis gvarebis SeZlebisamebr ucdomelad moZiebis albaToba SedarebiT didia maSin, rodesac: a) sakuTriv dvaleTTan an nadvalar mxareebTan dakavSirebuli ama Tu im naTesauri koleqtivis dvaluri warmomavloba gamJRavnebulia masze mimagrebul eTnonimiur sakuTar saxelSi (eTnoanTroponimSi) an misi samosaxlo alagis aRmniSvnel eTnotoponimSi; b) istoriul-eTnografiuli masalis analizi cxadyofs, rom danamdvilebiT nadvalari regionidan Tu sakuTriv dvaleTidan gamosulma konkretulma gvarma an ama Tu im naTesauri koleqiivis realurma (Tu miTiurma) winaparma Tavisi pirvelsacxovrisi datova iq mxolod dvalTa kompaqturi dasaxlebebis arsebobis epoqaSi; g) dvaleTidan an nadvalari mxareebidan gamosuli calkeuli gvarebis warmomadgenlebi dRemde inarCuneben codnas Tavisi dvaluri warmomavlobis Sesaxeb da aRniSnul gvarebs gareSe damkvirveblebic dvalebad Tvlian, mkveTrad ganasxvaveben ra maT osebisagan; d) nadvalari raionebidan an sakuTriv dvaleTidan gamosuli naTesauri koleqtivis warmomadgenlebTan marTalia moSlilia dvalebTan tomobrivi TviTidentifikaciis tradicia, magram, samagierod, isini Sors arian im azrisagan, rom Zirad osebia da mtkiced icaven Tavisi qarTuli warmomavlobis versias; e) eTnografiuli masalis analizi gvaZlevs uflebas davaskvnaT, ro konkretuli gvari danamdvilebiT nadvalar raionSi an sakuTriv dvaleTSi aris gaCenili da araa sxvagnidan iq misuli.

cxadia, winaTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT eWvs ar SeiZleba iwvevdes mxolod eTnonimiuri gvarsaxelebis dvalis, dvaliSvilis, dvalaZis, dvalias da misTanaTa dvaluri warmomavloba. rac Seexeba zemoTmotanil siaSi asaxul danarCen gvarsaxelebs, maTi matareblebis tomobrivi kuTvnilebis damamtkicebeli utyuari sabuTebis mopoveba sakmaod Wirs, Tumca es naklebad iTqmis qarTleli da raWveli kasraZeebis (an qasraZeebis) da imereli da qarTuli xaCiZeebis Sesaxeb, romelTa dvalur Zirebze araerTi eTnografiul-onomastikuri faqti metyvelebs.

kasraZeebis gvari qarTlSi dokumenturad cnobilia XVII s-dan. 1680 wlis erT dokumentSi moixsenieba cxinvaleli mRvdeli ioseb kasraZe ( 1 ). qarTleli kasraZeebis samkvidrebeli alagebia ss. qemerti, kexvi, qurTa, ergneTi, axalSeni, qq. cxinvali, xaSuri da gori. amaTgan, s. qemertis erT-erTi ubani ~kasraanTis~ saxelwodebas atarebs, xolo iq mdgari didi koSki ~kasraanT godolad~ aris wodebuli ( 2 ). kasraZeebi ceraZeebTan erTad iTvlebian q. cxinvalis uZveles mosaxleebad ( 3 ). rac Seexeba raWvel kasraZeebs (an qasraZeebs), maT uZveles samkvidrebel adgilad miCneulia qvemo raWis s. sadmeli (an kldisubani), sadac, qasraZeebs ekuTvnodaT kldisubnis (an sadmelis) cixe (am cixis eklesiis nangrevebs dResac ~qasrauls~ eZaxian). xalxuri TqmulebiT, iaSvilebTan mtrobis mizeziT qasraZeebi aqedan tyibulSi gadasaxlebulan ( 4 ).

g. lazaraSvilis eTnografiuli Canawerebis mixedviT, metadre didi liaxvis xeobis Suawelze ganaxlebuli qarTleli kasraZeebis winapari dvaleTidan (kerZod kasrisxevidan) aris migrirebuli aRniSnul xeobaSi. erT-erTi osi informatorisagan miRebuli cnobiT, miqelgabrieli (os. mikalgabarta) gaswyromia mis saxelze kasris xevSi arsebuli xatis msaxurs (Svilebis uRirsi saqcielis gamo) da aukrZalavs misTvis kasris xevSi cxovreba, ris Semdegac xatisgan Serisxuli es kaci saqarTveloSi gadmosaxlebula, Tumca ar mouSlia kasris xevSi salocavad siaruli. moaxalSenis vinaobiST dainteresebulTa kiTxvebze, Tu saidan iyo igi warmoSobiT da sad daiareboda yovelwliurad, is pasuxobda Turme: ~kasridan var meo~, ris gamoc misTvis miuciaT gvari kasraZe. amave dros, avtors mohyavs s. qemertis sasoflo sabWos Tavmjdomaris naTqvamic: ~amboben, rom Cveni winaprebi osebi iyvnen da aq kasaradan gadmosaxldneno~, Tumca iqve dasZens, rom cxinvalSi mcxovrebi kasraZeebis osebad miCneva dRes ukve aRaravis mouva azrad, vinaidan isini xsenebuli qalaqis yvelaze ZirZvel mkvidrebad iTvlebian da XVII s-Sic maTi qarTveloba sruliad udavoao. dabolos swavluli gvauwyebs, rom kasraZeTa ganStoebas warmoadgenen s. kavTisxevSi mosaxle naseraZeebi, rasac mosdevs saZiebeli gvaris moyvana imis saukeTeso magaliTad, Tu rogor xdeboda saqarTveloSi XVII s-is winare xanaSi gadmosaxlebul osTa erTi nawilis qarTvelebSi gaTqvefa ( 5 ).

marTalia, g. lazaraSvilis mier gamomzeurebuli masala saZiebeli gvaris winaprebs calkebr warmoaCens osebad, xolo maTi dvaluri warmomavlobis Sesaxeb araviTar miniSnebas ar Seicavs, magram es garemoeba TavisTavad ar iZleva kasraZeTa tomobrivi kuTvnilebis sakiTxze naCqarevi daskvnebis gakeTebis uflebas, vinaidan, jer erTi, advili SesaZlebelia, rom kasraZeTa usaTuod osebad gaazrebis tendencias im droidan Cayroda safuZveli, ra droidanac sabolood organizirebuli piriqiTi dvaleTis xseneba ukve calsaxad qmnida oseTis Semadgeneli erT-erTi kuTxis asociacias da Sesabamisad, kisisxevidan gadmosaxlebuli nebismieri migrantic maSinalurad osad inaTleboda da, meorec, Cvens gankargulebaSia kasraZeTa dvaluri warmomavlobis damamtkicebeli Semdegi cnobac: ~kirtiSos vetyviT, kai veZa icis, veZas Rele Camoudis... jixvebs Zadian uyvars -ye veZa: imis dasalevad survili mokravs-ye, kasridgan modian dalocvilebi... erTi kasraZe iyo Turme dvali, sul gaawyoye jixvebi, avaT rom gaxda gamouTqves leqsi:

~avadmyofoba gavigeTo monadire kasraZisao,

mTaSi aRar dadga jixvi, yvela Camovida Zirsao~. ( 6 )

rogorc motanili amonaweridan Cans, erTi raWveli informatori raWaSi mcxovreb kasraZeebs dvalebad gvacnobs da am SemTxvevaSi eTnonimi ~dvali~ sulac ar Cans xmarebuli ~osis*(sinonimis doneze.

maSasadame, zemoT damowmebuli ori sxvadasxva eTnografiuli wyaro mTlianobaSi ki ar ewinaaRmdegeba, aramed mSvenivrad avsebs erTmaneTs. maTi frTxili SejerebiT cxadi xdeba rogorc kasraZeTa zinaprebis kasris xevidan mosuloba da Tavad gvarsaxel kasraZis toponim kasrisagan momdinareoba (Sdr. analogiuri gaformebis toponomiuri gvarsaxelebi: ~naraiZe~, ~urekaZe~, ~weveliZe~, ~koSkaZe~ da a.S.), ise saZiebeli gvaris warmomadgenelTa dvaluri warmomavloba da osebad maTi mcdari Seracxvis gviandeli praqtikis istoriuli motivacia.

samwuxarod, kasraZeTa winaprebis dvaleTidan transmigraciis drois zustad dadgena Zalze Wirs. bolomde naTeli araa isic, Tu mainc romel regionSi moxda maTi Tavdapirveli damkvidreba - qarTlSi Tu raWaSi. Tumca mTeli rigi istoriul-eTnografiuli realiebi (kasraZeTa gvaris gaazrebis tradicia qemertisa da cxinvalis uZveles mosaxleebad; qarTlel kasraZeTa migraciuli Tavgadasavlis sakiTxebSi e.w. Crdiloeli osebis kompetenturoba; kasraZeTa warmodgena kasrisxevidan pirdapir didi liaxvis xeobaSi gadmosaxlebuli piris Camomavlebad) Zalauneburad gvafiqrebinebs, rom kasraZeTa winaprebis kasris xevidan transmigracias sadRac XV-XVI ss-Si unda hqonoda adgili da maTi pirvelsacxovrisi kavkasionis mTavar qeds gadmoRma albaT didi liaxvis xeoba unda yofiliyo, saidanac xsenebuli gvaris namati Semdeg raWaSi unda gadasaxlebuliyo. amdenad, kasraZeTa (an qasraZeTa) adgilgadanacvlebis suraTi punqtobrivad ase aRsdgeba: kasris xevi (dvaleTi) - qemerti - kexvi - qurTa - cxinvali (didi liaxvis xeoba, Sida qarTli) - kavTisxevi (naseraZeebi Zirad kasraZeebi) - sadmeli (qvemoraWa) - tyibuli (imereTi)

xaCiZe erT-erTi farTod gavrcelebuli qarTuli gvarsaxelia, romelic dokumenturad cnobilia XVIII s-is II naxevridan. 1775 da 1793 ww. daTariRebul sabuTebSi is figurirebs xaCiuris formiT ( 7 ). xaCiZeTa samosaxlo alagebia imereTis, qarTlis da Toris soflebi: waqvi (an waqva), urTxva, abisisTavi, bijnisi, nacargora, oZisi, cxramuxa, agara, ali, wromi, aZvisi, axalSeni, zemo osiauri, bzisxevi, brili, bulbulis cixe, buRaura, gverdisubani gomi, dumacxovi, zekota, TagueTi, CumaTeleTi, kodavardis ubani, lopani, miwobi, nabaxtevi, patara sative, taSiskari, tezeri, civwyaro, qaSveTi, qviSxeTi, qinZaTi, yifianTubani, rbona, daba; d. surami, qq. xaSuri, gori, Tbilisi da a.S. amaTgan, xaCiZeebi gansakuTrebiT mravlad cxovroben imereTis s. waqvaSi da qarTlis ss. urTxvaSi, bijnisSi, nacargoraSi, oZisSi (frones xeoba), cxramuxaSi, romelTa Soris ukanaskneli sami soflis calkeuli ubnebi ~xaCiZeebis* saxelwodebas atarebs. sainteresoa, rom eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT TuSeTis s. SenaqoSi mkvidri TuSi xaCiZeebic imereTidan mosulebad iTvlebian da imerel da qarTlel xaCiZeebs enaTesavebian ( 8 ).

gvarsaxel xaCiZes iseve rogorc xaCiSvils, xaCiaSvils pirovnuli saxeli xaCi udevs safuZvlad, romelsac sagulisxmo anTropoparalelebi moeZebneba svanuri xaCil, xaCir-is, TuSuri xaCo-s da megruli xaCa-s saxiT; metad niSandoblivia, xaC/xaC Ziriani toponimebic. (~xaCeSi~- svaneTSi: ~xaCaurTa~, ~xaCis sofeli~, xaCos xevi~ - TuSeTSi, ~xaCiai~, ~xaCis xevi~, ~xaCis wverebi~ - xevSi), romelnic upiratesad saqarTvelos mTis kuTxeebSi gvxvdeba, sayuradReboa rom svanurad ~xaCa~ niSnavs ~gacveTas, gacveTils, xriok adgils~, qiziySi xaCi ewodeba ~Cogans, Tavian joxs~ (aqedanaa xaCaoba//xaCaoba, - - ~sabavSvo TamaSobaa erTgvari~), imereTSi gvaqvs dialeqturi termini xaCiri (~xuroebis iaraRi~) fSavSi xaCana - (~cudad naqsovi, uxeSi Sali~), xolo leCxumSi xaCiri venaxi - ~Zveleburi venaxi~).

xaCiZeTa vinaobis sakiTxiT Tavis droze n. berZeniSvilic dainteresda, romelic Toris wylis xeobaSi mogzaurobis dRiurSi mokled SeniSnavs: ~vidre Zegls (igulisxmeba kimosTimanis eklesia, v.i.) vaTvalierebdiT CvenTan vinme xaCiZe movida, aqve dabeli kolmeurne. maTi gvaris (xaCiZeTa) saidanmosuloba vkiTxe. ~papaCemisagan gamigonia, rom Ziri xatis mosalocavad is naras (e.i. dvaleTs, n.b.) dadioda; Cveni winapari Zvel drosve mosula qarTlSi, waqvsa da bijniss saxlebulan suramis Tavze, Semdeg zogi xeobaSi wamosula, zogi aqve darCenila. aq, dabaSi, yvela mosulia qarTlidan (TediaSvili, mesxiZe, lomiZe) da vin icis saidan~ ( 9 ).

saZiebeli gvaris saidanmosulobisa da tomobrivi kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb aranakleb sagulisxmo informacias vRebulobT xaSursa da TbilisSi mcxovrebi xaCiZeebisgan, romelTa mtkicebiT ~xaCiZeTa winaprebi wamosulan dvaleTis sofel naradan. pirvelad dasaxlebulan imereTSi, xaragaulis raionis s. waqvaSi, saidanac maTi namati Semdeg damkvidrebula qarTlSi, xaSuris raionis ss. urTxvaSi da bijnisSi, xolo aqedan xaCiZeebi qarTlis sxva soflebSic gavrcelebulan. s. waqvaSi maTi dasaxleba didi xnis win momxdara. nara exla oseTs ekuTvnis, magram xaCiZeebs araferi aqvT saerTo osebTan. isini qarTvelebia, tomad dvalebi~ ( 10 ).

rogorc zemoT damowmebuli masalis Sejerebidan Cans, xaCiZeTa gvaris warmomadgenlebTan ara marto Semonaxulia codna maTi dvaleTidan mosulobis Sesaxeb, aramed daculia dvalebTan tomobrivi TviTidentifikaciis tradiciac, rac srulad aaSkaravebs xaCiZeTa dvaluri warmomavlobis faqts.

sainteresoa, rom 1841 wlis erT-erT rusul sabuTSi moixsenieba dvaleTSi (kerZod mamisonis wylis xeobaSi) lokalizebuli s. Tibis mkvidri vinme soza xaCiSvili. savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom konkretul SemTxvevaSi dvaluri warmomavlobis qarTvel xaCiZeTa imierkavkasiel TanamogvaresTan gvqondes saqme, Tumca am ukanasknelis prezentacia s. Tibis (da ara naras) mosaxled aRniSnul mtkicebas mainc saTuos xdis. aseve Znelia dabejiTebiT raimes Tqma qarTul ~xaCiZesTan~ e.w. Crdiloel osebTan damowmebul gvarsaxelis - xaniTas mimarTebis Sesaxebac.

marTalia, xaCiZeTa winaprebis dvaleTidan imereTSi gadmosaxlebis drois zustad Cvenebac Zalze Wirs, magram qarTlis sanaxebSi saZiebeli gvaris XVIII s-Tvis danamdvilebiT cxovrebisa da dvaleTTan misi ideologiuri kavSirebis gvianobamde SenarCunebis faqtebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom CvenTvis saintereso migraciul movlenasac sadRac XV-XVI ss-Si unda hqonoda adgili. amasTan, uyoymanod SeiZleba imis Tqmac, rom xaCiZeTa mxridan Tavisi qarTvelobisa da tomad dvalobis SexmatkbilebiT xazgasma dvalTa odindeli eTnokulturuli meobis uTvalsaCinoesi gamoxatulebaa.

xaCiZeTa adgilgadanacvlebis suraTi punqtobrivad Semdegnairad aRdgeba: nara (sofeli da xevi dvaleTSi) - waqva (sof. Zirulas xeobaSi, istoriul xefinis xevSi, imereTi) - urTxva, bijnisi (ss. Sida qarTlSi) - surami, oZisi, nacargora, cxramuxa da a.S. (ss. Sida qarTlSi) - Senaqo (s. TuSeTSi) - daba (s. Toriswylis xeobaSi, Tori).

amrigad, Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebi TvalnaTliv cxadyofs, rom Tanamedrove qarTvelTa Soris dvaluri warmomavlobis gvarebis mokvlevis amocana rig SemTxvevebSi sakmaod iolad wydeba, rac bunebrivad aRZravs am mimarTulebiT samecniero muSaobis gafarToebis cTunebas da kidev erTxel gvarwmunebs dvalTa eTnikuri vinaobisa da dvaleTis istoriuli geografiis problemebis gacilebiT ufro Rrmad Seswavlis aucileblobaSi.

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1. 1680 w. wigni mocemuli giorgi maCablis mier zaal daviTisSvilisadmi, ~dokumentebi saqarTvelos socialuri istoriidan~, I, n. berZeniSvilis red., Tb., 1940, gv. 66.

2. i. megreliZe, siZveleebi liaxvis xeobaSi, Tb., 1984, gv. 82,87.

3.

4. T. beraZe, raWa, Tb., 1983, gv. 94-97.

5. ... dasax. naSromi, gv. 107; SeniSvna: XVII s-is winare xanaSi saqarTveloSi osTa gadmosaxlebaze laparaki da kasraZeTa magaliTiT aRniSnuli procesis ilustrirebis mcdeloba Znelad Sesawynarebelia, vinaidan osebi saqarTveloSi gadmosaxlebas iwyeben XVII s-is damdegidan.

6. masalebi saqarTvelos Sinamrewvelobisa da wvrili xelosnobis istoriisaTvis, iv. javaxiSvilis saerTo red., 5 tomad, t. V, Tb., 1992, gv. 134-135.

7. arza mamuka xaCiurisa samarTlis micemaze erekle II-is oqmiT, ~qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi~ (qsZ), VII, i. doliZis red., Tb., 1981, gv. 276; mediatoreTa ganCineba iese da sulxan TaqTaqiSvilebis gayris saqmeze, ~qsZ~, V, i. doliZis red. Tb., 1974, gv. 596.

8. val. iToniSvilis eTnografiuli dRiurebis Tanaxmad, TuSi xaCiZeebi imereTidan arian s. SenaqoSi gadmosaxlebulni. ~ori Zma yofila gadmosuli. erTi farsmaSi dasaxlebula, meore ki SenaqoSi. pirvel Zmaze modian omaiZeebi (omaani), meoreze ki xaCiZeebi, romelTa danayofebis saxelwodebebia: jijuriani (jijuriZeni), Sioiani, kusuani, iakobaani, TorRvani, cogiani (val. iToniSvili, ~TuSeTis eTnografiuli masalebi~, 1973 w., rv. I, gv. 1-2).

9. n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, t. I, Tb., 1964, gv. 235.

10. cnoba mogvawoda Tbiliselma Tengiz xaCiZem (25/IV - 1993 w.).